Worst-Case Deterministic Fully-Dynamic Biconnectivity in Changeable Planar Embeddings.

We study dynamic planar graphs with n vertices, subject to edge deletion, edge contraction, edge insertion across a face, and the splitting of a vertex in specified corners. We dynamically maintain a combinatorial embedding of such a planar graph, subject to connectivity and 2-vertex-connectivity (biconnectivity) queries between pairs of vertices. Whenever a query pair is connected and not biconnected, we find the first and last cutvertex separating them.

Additionally, we allow local changes to the embedding by flipping the embedding of a subgraph that is connected by at most two vertices to the rest of the graph.
We support all queries and updates in deterministic, worst-case, O(log² n) time, using an O(n)-sized data structure.